The Cost of Underestimating China
By Joel Wong
Western perceptions of China as a lesser power took root in the 19th century, influenced by colonialism and China’s “Century of Humiliation.” This period of foreign intervention and internal turmoil led the West to overlook China’s long history of innovation and cultural strength, instead viewing it as a declining civilization requiring Western guidance.
This condescending view persisted into the 20th century. The establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 was often seen as a temporary deviation, with many Western observers predicting the failure of its socialist system. These views underestimated China’s capacity for adaptation and its ability to forge its own development path.
Even after the Cold War, the West frequently misjudged China’s direction. A common belief was that economic opening would automatically lead to Western-style democracy. This failed to recognize China’s unique approach of blending market mechanisms with strong state control, creating a successful hybrid system that defied Western expectations. China’s rapid economic and technological ascent in the 21st century further highlighted this underestimation, showcasing strategic planning and execution many had dismissed. Nevertheless, some Western narratives continued to emphasize competition and ideological differences over potential cooperation.
Media and cultural portrayals in the West have often reinforced stereotypes, depicting China monolithically as either an authoritarian threat or simply overlooking the complexity of its society and people. Such narratives hinder constructive engagement.
This persistent underestimation has damaged international relations, contributing to policy errors, trade friction, and missed opportunities for collaboration on global issues like climate change and public health.
Moving forward requires a shift towards a more nuanced understanding, acknowledging China’s historical resilience, cultural depth, and strategic capabilities. Fostering dialogue through education and cultural exchange, alongside more balanced media and policy approaches, is crucial. Recognizing diverse perspectives is essential for building more constructive global relationships in an interconnected world.
